Module 9 Animals in danger
二. 重点、难点：
动词不定式用法1
三. 具体内容：
语法知识+课文详解
四. 语法知识详解：
动词不定式的用法（一）
当我们要表示“想做某事、需要做某事或决定做某事”时，就会出现两个动词连用的情况，这时应如何表达呢？同学们自然会想到want to do sth.，need to do sth. 和decide to do sth. 等表达方式。主要行为动词后面的动词都采用了“to-+-动词原形”的结构，我们把这种结构称为动词不定式{有时可以不带to}。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，那么英语中的动词不定式都可以表示什么意思呢?有什么样的语法功能呢?首先，我们先看一下本模块中所出现的包含动词不定式的句子：
（1）It was interesting to learn about the Wolong Panda Reserve .
了解卧龙大熊猫自然保护区的知识是有趣的。
（2）It’s sad to think about that.想起那些让人难过。
（3）It isn’t right to kill them. 杀死它们是不对的。
（4）Betty was sad to hear about so many animals in danger. 贝蒂听说许多动物处于危险之中感到悲伤。
（5）We need to protect our tigers，turtles and snakes. 我们需要保护老虎、海龟和蛇。
（6）But many people decide not to think about it. 但是很多人决定不去想这件事。
（7）Their water isn’t good to drink. 它们的水不适宜饮用。
（8）Our government is working hard to save pandas. 我们的政府正在努力拯救大熊猫。
（9）There are more than 30 nature reserves to protect pandas. 有三十多个大熊猫自然保护区。
（10）Pandas have less and less land to live on . 熊猫能够生存的土地越来越少。
（11）The government has made a new plan to help pandas.
政府已经制订了一个保护大熊猫的新计划。
（12）The difficulty is to stop people killing them. 困难的是阻止人们杀害它们。
可见，本模块出现的包含动词不定式的句子确实不少。如果同学们注意观察就会发现，上面的12句中的不定式大体在语法功能与应用功能上具有以下特点。
（一）动词不定式的语法功能
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语，因此是非谓语动词形式之一，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。但仍具有动词的特点，可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成动词不定式短语。
1. 动词不定式作主语
（1）动词不定式在句中作主语时，通常表示一个具体的特定的行为，其谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
eg：
To study hard is imp
To live means to create. 生活的意义就是创造。
To learn about the Wolong Panda Reserve was really interesting.
了解到卧龙熊猫保护区的情况真有意思。
（2）在英语中，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面，如上面的（1）、（2）、（3）。其句式为it is+adj. ／n.+to do sth.
eg：
It’s not easy to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语是不容易的。
2. 动词不定式作宾语
（1）like，love，hate之后接动词—ing形式、不定式均可，且意义差别不大。
用动词—ing形式强调一般的行为习惯、爱好，用动词不定式强调具体的某次动作。
eg：I like singing，but l don’t like to sing today. 我喜欢唱歌，可今天不想唱。
（2）begin，start之后接动词—ing形式、不定式均可。
eg：
Let’s begin singing（to sing）.我们开始唱歌吧。
但当begin，start本身是—ing形式或跟feel，know，understand等表示心理的动词
连用时，常用不定式作宾语。
eg：I’m beginning to feel hungry. 我开始觉得饿了。
（3）forget，remember，stop，go on等之后接动词—ing形式和不定式意义差别较大。
eg：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事
remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth记得做过某事
forget to do sth忘记去做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记已做了某事
（4）agree，decide，hope，learn，wish，would like之后只接不定式作宾语，不用动词-ing形式。
eg：
Would you like to go with us ? 你愿意跟我们一道去吗?
He decided to buy a new car. 他决定买辆新车。
（5）find／feel／think+it+adj. ／n，+to do sth. 句型中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
eg：
The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep. 楼下的人发觉难以入睡。
I feel it my duty to help them. 我感到帮助他们是我的责任。
（6）decide，know，consider，forget，learn等动词+疑问词+不定式，构成不定式短语。
eg：
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
They haven’t decided whether to accept the invitation.
他们还没有决定是否接受邀请。
3. 动词不定式作表语
（1）直接放在be动词之后，起解释说明作用，如上面的（12）。
eg：
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
All he wants to do is to go back home now. 他现在想要做的事就是回家。
（2）位于seem，appear等系动词之后。
eg：
He seems to be quite happy. 他似乎十分高兴。
They appeared to have misunderstood me. 他们似乎误解了我。
4. 动词不定式作状语动词不定式在句中作状语，主要用来修饰动词和形容词，有时也修饰副词。
（1）作目的状语，如课文例句（8）。常见短语：in order to，so as to，so／such. . . as to …
eg：
We have come to learn from you. 我们来向你学习。
In order to make a study Of kangaroo , he came to Australia.
为了研究袋鼠，他来到澳洲。
He spoke loudly so as to be heard. 他高声说话，以便让人听到。
（2）作结果状语。常见短语：on
eg：
He searched the room on
The problem is too hard for me to work out. 这道题太难了，我做不出来。
The boy is old enough to go to school. 这个男孩已经到上学的年龄了。
（3）作原因状语，如课文例句（4）。
eg：
He was very sorry to find her in trouble. 发现她处于困境他很难过。
5. 动词不定式作定语，如课文例句（9）、（10）、（11）。
（1）与被修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系
eg：
She is always the first to come to schoo1. 她总是第一个到校。
（2）与被修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的同位关系
eg：
I have no chance to go abroad. 我没有机会出国。
（3）与被修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系
eg：
Have you got anything to do this evening ? 今晚你有事要做吗?
I have some friends to invite. 我要邀请几个朋友。
注意：如果不定式动词是不及物动词，那么就要在动词后加上相应的介词。
eg：
He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找房间住。
There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担忧的。
6. 动词不定式作宾语补足语
英语中有很多动词的用法是“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”，宾语和宾语补足语之间是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语和宾语补足语合起来叫做复合宾语。能用动词不定式作宾补的词很多，根据它们的用法，可分为以下两类：
（1）动词+宾语+带to的动词不定式，能够用于这个结构的动词有advise，allow，ask，beg，cause，encourage，expect，find，instruct，invite，need，order，remind，require，teach，tell，want，warn等。
eg：
I asked him to show me the new dictionary. 我让他把新字典给我看看。
Allow me to introduce Mr. Smith to you. 请允许我向你介绍史密斯先生。
（2）动词+宾语+不带to的动词不定式，能够用于这个结构的动词有make，have，let，see，notice，watch，hear等。
eg：
Heat makes gas expand. 热使气体膨胀。
I had Tom carry the box away. 我让汤姆把箱子搬走。
（二）动词不定式的否定形式
动词不定式的否定形式是在to前加上否定词not。
eg：
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
Tom kept silent about the accident so as not to lose his job.
为了不丢掉工作，汤姆对这起事故保持沉默。
（三）动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式和其逻辑主语构成动词不定式的复合结构。
1. “It be+形容词+for sb. ／sth. to do sth. ”句型意为“某人（物）干某事是……的”。
该句型常用于表示事物的特征，适合于该句型的形容词有：easy，difficult，hard，imp
eg：
It’s very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门语言是很难的。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2. “It be+形容词+of sb to do sth. ”句型意为“某人干某事是……的”。
该句型一般用于表示人物的性格、品德，适合于该句型的形容词有：good，kind，nice，clever，foolish，right等。
eg：
It’s very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，真是太好了。
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信他。
It was really selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这真自私。
五. 语法针对性练习
（一）选择
1. The policeman told the little boy _____ football in the street. It’s dangerous.
A. not play B. not playing C. not to play D. to play
2. Martin looks so well. We’ve never seen him ______ so well before .
A. is looked B. is looking C. to look D. look
3. They preferred ______ in bed rather than ______ horses.
A. to lie; to ride B. lying ; riding C. to lie ; ride D. lying ; ride
4. — What do you think of tomorrow’s football match?
— ______difficult for us ______ the match.
A. We’re ; to win B. We’re ; winning C. It’s ; to win D. It’s ; winning
5. — Hi, Peter. Why are you in such a hurry?
— ______the 7:30 train.
A. Catch B. To catch C. Catching D. Caught
（二）用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. On June 1st, parents usually spend some money in______（buy）pictures books for their children as presents.
2. He asked us, ________（wear）old clothes to school the next day.
3. Jim decided ________（leave）Polly to me when he was back to England.
4. Would you like ______（buy）a bottle of orange for me?
5. If you are tired, you can stop______（have）a rest.
6. Do you know the girl_______（call）Mary?
7. He found it not easy________（do）it well.
8. I don’t feel like________（have）medicine even though I am ill.
9. If you set your mind______（do）it, you’ll be successful in the end.
10. Do you mind my____（open）the window?
六. 课文内容分析：
1. It makes me sad.
这使我难过。
make是使役动词，后接复合宾语结构，即make+宾语+宾语补足语结构。这种结构中，除形容词外，名词，介词短语、不定式、分词等都可以充当宾补。例如：
Planting more flowers can make my garden more beautiful.（形容词比较级作宾补）
栽更多的花会使我的花园更美丽。
She tried to make herself understood.（过去分词作宾补）
她尽力把她的意思表达清楚。
We make him monitor.
我们选他当班长。（表示人物的头衔前没有冠词）
I made her wait at the gate.
我让她在门口等着。（介词短语作宾补）
七. 知识拓展：
掌握与make搭配的短语：
make a decision作出决定
make a face做鬼脸
make a good effort作很大努力
make a mistake犯错误
make an agreement with同意
make a plan for为...作计划
make a promise允诺
make a record录制唱片
make friends with交朋友
make fun of取笑
make progress取得进步
make sense有道理
make sure of确定
make use of利用
make up on
4. The surprising thing was to hear how many animals are in danger.
令人吃惊的事情是听到多少动物处在危险之中。
the surprising thing令人吃惊的事情
现在分词作定语，表示事物的内在属性，故通常描绘事物。例如：
The story sounds interesting.
那个故事听起来很有趣。
The news was disappointing.
这个消息令人很失望。
It’s surprising about the pandas.
关于这些熊猫很令人吃惊。
5. I’m surprised to hear that.
我听到这件事很吃惊。
surprised过去分词作定语，表示人的感受，故通常描绘人。例如：
I was so excited to see the pandas.
我见到熊猫很激动。
I was pleased at the news.
我听到这个消息很高兴。
He looks worried.
他显得很焦虑。
All the students got excited at the exciting news.
听到这个激动人心的消息所有的学生都很激动。
6. We need to protect them better.
我们需要更好地保护他们。
（1）protect vt. 保护。例如：
He was wearing dark glasses to protect his eyes from the sun.
他戴一副墨镜以保护眼睛不受阳光的刺激。
He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow.
他举起手臂护住脸以免被这一拳打中。
We painted wood to protect it against the rain.
我们给木料油漆以防雨水侵蚀。
（2）该句中need是实义动词，表示需要，其后接名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词作宾语。例如：
I need a new school bag.（名词作宾语）
我需要一个新书包。
I need you.（代词作宾语）
我需要你。
If there’s anything else you need to know，just give me a call. （动词不定式作宾语）
如果你想知道任何其他的事情，就给我打电话。
My watch needs repairing.（动名词作宾语）
我的表需要修理。
（3）need是实义动词时，其否定形式用don’t／doesn’t／didn’t need to do something表示“不需要做某事，没必要做某事”。例如：
You didn’t，need to come here in a hurry.
你没有必要匆忙来这。
You don’t need to be frightened.
你没有必要害怕。
She needn’t have taken him to the hospital.
她没有必要带他去医院。
（4）need doing something=need to be done需要做某事。doing形式上是主动，但实际上含有被动的意思。例如：
The clothes on this chair need washing.＝The clothes on this chair need to be washed.
在这把椅子上的衣服需要洗。（衣服被人洗）
The house needed repairing. =The house needed to be repaired.
这房子需要修理。(房子被人修理)
（5）need n. 需要，必要（没有复数形式）。例如：
Can your product meet the need Of a wide range of consumers?
你们的产品能满足广大消费者的需要吗？
Is there any need to change the current system?
有必要改变目前系统吗?
*习语*need to do something需要做某事
be in need of something急需某物
meet the need of. —满足……的需要
【模拟试题】
一. 单项选择
（ ）1. Don’t ,listen to him. He always makes it hard _________ anything.
A. to do B. do C. does D. did
（ ）2. Their teacher often ___________ them a funny story _________ his class lively and interesting.
A. tells; to make B. talks; to make
C. says; makes D. speaks; makes
（ ）3. He seems ________ happy.
A. to B. to be C. is D. be
（ ）4. The Internet ________ it easy to get much new information in a short time.
A. finds B. takes C. feels D. makes
（ ）5. ________, the little boy has so many books.
A. To my surprised B. In my surprise
C. To my surprise D. At my surprise
（ ）6. She seemed __________ when she called me.
A. to be cry B. to crying C. to be crying D. be crying
（ ）7. Our English teacher often make it easy and interesting __________ English.
A. to learn B. learn C. learns D. learning
（ ）8. Don’t be afraid of the dog. He on
A. makes friends B. to make friend
C. make friends D. to make friends
（ ）9. My mother often tells me _________ home on time.
A. to B. to be C. be at D. to at
（ ）10. Praise makes good men __________ and bad men________
A. worse; worse B. better ; better C. better ; worse D. worse ; better
（ ）11. In the south of China most people _______ rice.
A. live in B. live on C. get to D. get on
（ ）12. All work and no play ________ Jack a dull boy.
A. make B. makes C. making D. made
（ ）13. I have a ________ for you. Listen carefully.
A. surprised B. surprising C. surprise D. surprises
（ ）14. You ________ angry with her, for she is very young.
A. need not to be B. don’t need to
C. need not be D. need not
（ ）15. I want to go to the doctor’s, but you _________ with me.
A. need not to go B. do not need go C. need not go D. need go not
（ ）16. Every on
A. needs live B. need live C. needs to live D. needs living
（ ）17. Are you _________ help?
A. with need of B. in need of C. in need for D. need of
（ ）18. —______ you _________ a ticket for the football match?
— Not yet.
A. Is; bought B. Are; bought
C. Has; bought D. Have; bought
（ ）19. The soldiers were _______ danger.
A. at B. by C. in D. to
（ ）20. It is ________ to ride a motor without a helmet .
A. danger B. dangerous
C. dangerously D. in dangerous
二. 完型填空
Robert was walking home from school on
When they arrived at Tom’s home, Robert was invited in for a drink and they watched some 3 . That afternoon passed happily with a few laughs and some small talk. When it was getting dark, Robert went home.
They 4 saw each other at school, had lunch together on
Tom asked Robert if he still remembered the day when they first met. “ Do you know 7 I was carrying so many things home that day ?” asked Tom.
“ You see, I cleared my locker of because I didn’t want to leave anything 8 anyone else to do. I had put aside some of my mother’s sleeping pills and I was going home to kill myself. But after we spent 9 together talking and laughing, I 10 my plan. So you see, Robert, when you picked up those things that day, you did a lot more. You saved my life. ”
（ ）1. A. found B. helped C. saw D. made
（ ）2. A. Since B. Before C. As D. Until
（ ）3. A. picture-books B. stories
C. clothes D. videos
（ ）4. A. often B. almost C. nearly D. never
（ ）5. A. all B. both C. either D. neither
（ ）6. A. careful B. busy C. long D. lucky
（ ）7. A. that B. why C. where D. how
（ ）8. A. for B. by C. from D. with
（ ）9. A. sometime B. some times C. some time D. sometimes
（ ）10. A. laughed at B. found out C. got back D. gave up
三. 阅读理解
（A）
For thousands of years, people have lived with dogs. Ancient paintings on the walls of caves show people living with dogs. Almost a third of the homes in the United States and England have dogs, and these dogs come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes.
The largest dog in the world was a dog named Zorba. When Zorba, a mastiff, was seven years old in 1989, he was 94 centimetres（37 inches）tall. In other words, Zorba was more than half as tall as an adult man. At his largest, Zorba weighed more than a heavy weight boxer at 156 kilograms（343 pounds）.
In comparison, the smallest dog was a Yorkshire terrier from England. This dog was on
Some dogs are remarkable, not for their size, but for their brain. On
In 2001, Parton was hit by a car while crossing a road with Endal, and thrown out of his chair. Endal quickly moved Parton into the recovery position, covered him with a blanket, and pushed his mobile phone close enough for him to reach. Then, on
Endal was rewarded for his bravery with a medal, and he has been the subject of a number of TV documentaries.
（ ）1. Which of the following does the passage NOT discuss?
A. The world’s fastest dog. B. A dog who saved a person’s life.
C. The world’s smallest dog. D. The world’s largest dog.
（ ）2. According to the passage, why do people have dogs as pets?
A. Dogs used to live in caves. B. Dogs are great companions.
C. Dogs come in all shapes and sizes. D. The passage doesn’t say.
（ ）3. Which sentence about Zorba is true?
A. He was taller and heavier than an adult man.
B. He was taller, but not heavier than an adult man.
C. He was heavier, but not taller than an adult man.
D. He was neither heavier nor taller than an adult man.
（ ）4. According to the passage, the world’s smallest dog weighed half as much as .
A. a child’s hand B. a matchbox C. a book D. Zorba
（ ）5. Which is NOT true about Alien Parton ?
A. His dog has been on TV.
B. He is unable to walk.
C. He received a medal for bravery.
D. He has been in at least two car accidents.
（B）
No. 4 Middle School
Kunming , Yunnan
April 2nd, 2002
Dear editor,
I live in a beautiful city. Many visitors come to my city. There are so many colorful peacocks here.
The peacocks mostly live on the grass land of Dongfeng Square. They are given food freely by visitors. They usually throw food to them, and don’t think about at all whether the food is right or not. Some of the peacocks became ill, some even died after eating the bad food given by the visitors.
I’m sure most of the visitors who throw food to the peacocks really like the birds, but don’t realize that they may be doing them harm.
The visitors should be told that what they have done is very harmful to the birds, and this kind of thing must be stopped from happening.
Perhaps we can build some small shops beside Dongfeng Square to sell peacock food. For us every person, it’s our duty to give more love to these beautiful birds and to look after them carefully.
Yours,
Sun Yan
（ ）1. Many visitors come to the writer’s city to_______
A. do some shopping B. see beautiful peacocks
C. play on Dongfeng Square D. eat nice food
（ ）2. Some peacocks became ill and died because some visitors_______
A. didn’t give them any food B. gave them too much food
C. threw them some bad food D. loved them and played with them
（ ）3. Some shops can be built beside Dongfeng Square so that they may______
A. sell food for visitors B. sell food for peacocks
C. make the square more beautiful D. have the beautiful birds
（ ）4. From the passage we know people should________
A. live and play with the birds
B. stop the birds from eating too much
C. give right food to the birds
D. give more food to the birds
（ ）5. We can guess the writer of the letter, Sun Yah , may be a__________
A. visitor B. shopkeeper C. square keeper D. student
【试题答案】
一.
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. C 16. C 17. B 18. D 19. C 20. B
二.
1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D
三.
（A）
1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C
（B）
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D
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